| species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
| BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. |
Asteraceae » |
Acker-Kratzdistel
|
| reference |
|
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
| Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. |
accepted |
| Cirsium arvense var. argentatum |
Synonym |
| Cirsium arvense var. incanum |
Synonym |
| Cirsium arvense var. mite |
Synonym |
| Cirsium arvense var. arvense |
Synonym |
| Cnicus arvensis (L.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. |
Synonym |
| Cirsium arvense var. horridum Wimm. & Grab. |
Synonym |
| Serratula arvensis L. |
Basionym |
|
| DNA content » |
| DNA content (pg/2C) |
3.1 |
| Chromosome number |
34 |
| Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
| Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
True |
| Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
|
| Life form » |
| Life form |
G (Geophyte) |
| Qualifier |
always [1] |
| Life span » |
| Life span |
p (pluriennial-pollakanthic) |
| Qualifier |
always [1] |
| Vegetative propagation » |
| Vegetative propagation |
ws (Root shoot) |
| Qualifier |
always [1] |
| Root metamorphoses » |
| Root metamorphoses |
ws (Root shoot) |
| Qualifier |
always [1] |
| Rosettes » |
| Rosettes |
r (Erosulate plant) |
| Qualifier |
always [1] |
| special references:
|
| Moore, R.J. 1975: The biology of Canadian weeds. 13. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55:1033-1048
|
| Bostock, S.J., Benton, R.A. 1979: The reproductive strategies of five preennial Compositae. Journal of Ecology 67:91-107
|
| Bell, A.D., Tomlinson, P.B. 1980: Adaptive architecture in rhizomatous plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 80:125-160
|
| Holm, T. 1925: On the development of buds upon roots and leaves. Annals of Botany 39:867-881
|
| Dock Gustavsson, A. 1997: Growth and regenerative capacity of plants of Cirsium arvense. Weed Research 37:229-236
|
| Lukasiewicz, A. 1962: Morfologizno-rozwojowe typy bylin (Morphologic development types of perennials). The Poznan Soc. of Friends of Science. Dept. math. -nat. Sci. Publ. Ser. Biol. (Posen) 27:1-398
|
| Beijerinck, M.W. 1887: Beobachtungen und Betrachtungen über Wurzelknospen und Nebenwurzeln. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. , Afd. Natuurk. , Tweede Sect. 25:1-146
|
| Wittrock, V.B. 1884: Über Wurzelsprosse bei krautigen Gewächsen, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf ihre verschiedene biologische Bedeutung. Biol. Centralbl. 17:227-232
|
| Briemle, G., Schreiber, K.F. 1994: Zur Frage der Beeinflussung pflanzlicher Lebens- und Wuchsformen durch unterschiedliche Landschaftspflegemaßnahmen. Tuexenia 14:229-244
|
| Irmisch, T. 1851: Ueber die Dauer einiger Gewächse der deutschen Flora. Bot. Ztg. 9:361-366
|
| Rauh, W. 1937: Die Bildung von Hypokotyl- und Wurzelsprossen und ihre Bedeutung für die Wuchsformen der Pflanzen. Nova Acta Leopold. N. F. 4:395-553
|
| Raju, M.V., Steeves, T.A., Coupland, R.T. 1964: On the regeneration of root fragments of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Weed Research 4:2-11
|
| Wareing, P.F. 1964: The developmental physiology of rhizomatous and creeping plants. Seventh Brit. Weed Contr. Conf. 1:1020-1030
|
| Håkansson, S. 1982: Multiplication, growth and persistence of perennial weeds. In: Holzner, W., Numata, N. (Hrsg.) Biology and ecology of weeds, S. 123-135, Junk Publ., The Hague
|
| Kutschera, L., Lichtenegger, E. 1992: Wurzelatlas mitteleuropäischer Grünlandpflanzen. Bd. 2 Pteridophyta und Dicotyledonae (Magnoliopsida). Teil I Morphologie, Anatomie, Ökologie, Verbreitung, Soziologie, Wirtschaft. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena, New York
|
| Raunkiaer, C. 1934: The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford
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| Irmisch, T. 1853: Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte des Cirsium arvense Scop. und einiger anderer Distelarten. Z. ges. Naturwiss. 1:193-200
|
| Jäger, E.J. 1957: Über Wuchsform, Wuchsrhythmus und Verbreitung einheimischer Wiesenasteraceen. Dipl.-Arb. Univ. Halle.
|
|
| Flowering phenology » |
| Begin of flowering (months) |
7 |
| End of flowering (months) |
9 |
| Duration of flowering (months) |
3 |
| Number of flowering phases |
0 |
| Symphenological Groups » |
| Phenological group |
8 (Clematis vitalba-Galium sylvaticum-Phase)
Phenological season: midsummer |
| Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
| Type of reproduction » |
| Type of reproduction |
sv (by seed and vegetatively) |
| Reference |
Moore, R.J. 1975: The biology of Canadian weeds. 13. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55:1033-1048 |
| Type of seed production » |
| Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
| Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: Sexuelle Samenproduktion, da keine Apomikten in Gattung bekannt |
| Dicliny » |
| Dicliny |
do (dioecious) |
| Abundance |
always [1] |
| Reference |
Moore, R.J. 1975: The biology of Canadian weeds. 13. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55:1033-1048 |
| Dicliny |
gd (gynodioecious) |
| Abundance |
rare [4] |
| Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
| Dichogamy » |
| Dichogamy |
a2 (protandrous) |
| Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
| Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
| Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SC (self-compatibel) |
| Reference |
East, E.M. 1940: The distribution of self-sterility in the flowering plants. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 82:449-518 |
| Systematic reference |
genus [G] |
| Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
C+ (± self-compatibel) |
| Reference |
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London |
| Systematic reference |
species [S] |
| Pollen vector » |
| Pollen vector |
in (insects)
Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
| Abundance |
always [1] |
| Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: pers. obs. |
| Systematic reference |
species [S] |
| Breeding system » |
| Breeding system |
X (allogamous) |
| Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb. |
| Floral rewards » |
| Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
| Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
| Amount of floral reward |
4 (plenty) |
| Flower color » |
| Flower colour |
lilacpink |
| Basic flower colour |
ro (pink) |
| Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
| UV reflection of the flower » |
| UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
1 (0-7 %) |
| UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
1 (0-7 %) |
| UV reflection pattern |
0 (no UV reflectance patterns) |
| Flower class after MUELLER » |
| Flower class after MUELLER |
B` (flower associations with totally hidden nectar)
Typical pollinators: bees, bumble bees, wasps, bombylides, syrphids |
| Flower type after KUGLER » |
| Flower type after KUGLER |
7.2a (flower heads, Asteraceae, only disk flowers) |
|
| Fruit type » |
| Fruit type |
Nu (nut) |
| Diaspore type » |
| Diaspore type |
F (fruit) |
| Diaspore type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
| Germinule type » |
| Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
| Germinule type |
F (fruit) |
| Information available |
True |
| Development of nutritious appendages |
|
| Development of flat appendages |
|
| Development of elongated appendages |
|
| Development of additional appendages |
|
| Weights » |
| Measured object |
Diaspore |
| Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
| Constraint |
False |
| Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
| Weight (minimum) [mg] |
1.2 |
| Weight (mean) [mg] |
1.2 |
| Weight (maximum) [mg] |
1.4 |
| Measured object |
Germinule |
| Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
| Constraint |
False |
| Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
| Weight (minimum) [mg] |
1.2 |
| Weight (mean) [mg] |
1.2 |
| Weight (maximum) [mg] |
1.4 |
| Measured object |
Diaspore |
| Type of germinule or diaspore |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
| Constraint |
False |
| Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
| Weight (minimum) [mg] |
1.5 |
| Weight (mean) [mg] |
1.6 |
| Weight (maximum) [mg] |
1.7 |
| Sizes » |
| Measured object |
Germinule |
| Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
| Constraint |
False |
| Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
| Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.7 |
| Length (mean) [mm] |
3.3 |
| Length (maximum) [mm] |
4.0 |
| Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.7 |
| Width (mean) [mm] |
1.1 |
| Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.6 |
| Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.5 |
| Height (mean) [mm] |
0.7 |
| Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.0 |
| Measured object |
Diaspore |
| Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
| Constraint |
False |
| Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
| Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.7 |
| Length (mean) [mm] |
3.3 |
| Length (maximum) [mm] |
4.0 |
| Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.7 |
| Width (mean) [mm] |
1.1 |
| Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.6 |
| Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.5 |
| Height (mean) [mm] |
0.7 |
| Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.0 |
| special references:
|
| Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
|
| Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
|
| Klinkhamer, P.G.L., de Jong, T.J. 1993: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. (Carduus lanceolatus L., Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop., non Hill). Journal of Ecology 81:171-191 (Gattung)
|
| Pigott, C.D. 1968: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Cirsium aucolon (L.) Scop. (C. acaule (L.) Weber; Carduus acaulos L.; Cnicus acaulis (L.) Willd.). Journal of Ecology 56:597-612 (Gattung)
|
| Tofts, R. 1999: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Cirsium eriophorum (L.) Scop. (Carduus eriophorus L.; Cnicus eriophorus (L.) Roth). Journal of Ecology 87:529-542 (Gattung)
|
| Bakker, J.P., Bakker, E.S., Rosén, E., Verweij, G.L., Bekker, R.M. 1996: Soil seed bank composition along a gradient from dry alvar grassland to Juniperus shrubland. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:165-176 (Gattung)
|
| Bakker, J.P., Bakker, E.S., Rosén, E., Verweij, G.L. 1997: The soil seed bank of undisturbed and disturbed dry limestone grassland on Öland (Sweden). Z. Ökologie Nat. sch. 6:9-18 (Gattung)
|
| Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
|
| Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
|
| Frey, W., Hauser, A. 1996: Onopordetum acanthii (Eselsdistel-Gesellschaft) im mittleren und unteren Unstruttal - Lebensstrategien in einer wärmeliebenden Ruderalgesellschaft. Hausknechtia, Beiheft 6:1-84 (Gattung)
|
| Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
|
| Vogler, P. 1901: Ueber die Verbreitungsmittel der schweizerischen Alpenpflanzen. Flora 89 (Ergänzungsband zum Jg.1901):1-137 (Gattung)
|
| Heinisch, O. 1955: Samenatlas der wichtigsten Futterpflanzen und ihrer Unkräuter. Deutsche Akad. Landwirtsch.-Wiss., Berlin (Gattung)
|
|
| Grassland utilization indicator values » |
| Occurrence |
A (arable fields and gardens) |
| Guild |
K (forb) |
| Mowing tolerance |
5 (moderately tolerant to mowing) |
| Grazing tolerance |
7 (well tolerant to grazing) |
| Trampling tolerance |
4 (between 3 and 5 (sensitive to moderately tolerant to trampling)) |
| Foraging value |
2 (no or little forage value) |
| Foraging value for deer |
3 (little forage value) |
|
| Habitat » |
| Habitat |
L4.1 (null)
Alliance: ???
|
| Occurrence questionable |
False |
| Occurence restricted |
True |
| Annotation |
nur Ufer |
| Habitat |
T10.3.3.1 (null)
Alliance: ???
|
| Occurrence questionable |
False |
| Occurence restricted |
False |
| Annotation |
|
| Habitat |
T2.2 (null)
Alliance: Epilobietea angustifolii
|
| Occurrence questionable |
False |
| Occurence restricted |
False |
| Annotation |
|
| Habitat |
T7.5.2 (null)
Alliance: Agropyretalia repentis
|
| Occurrence questionable |
False |
| Occurence restricted |
False |
| Annotation |
|
| Habitat |
T8.2.2 (null)
Alliance: Artemisietea vulgaris
|
| Occurrence questionable |
False |
| Occurence restricted |
False |
| Annotation |
|
| Habitat |
T9.1 (null)
Alliance: Violenea arvensis
|
| Occurrence questionable |
False |
| Occurence restricted |
False |
| Annotation |
|
| Habitat |
T9.1.1.3 (null)
Alliance: Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi
|
| Occurrence questionable |
False |
| Occurence restricted |
False |
| Annotation |
|
|
| Class » |
| English circumscription |
05.4 (Commercially used grasslands)
Class: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea
|
| English circumscription |
05.5 (Communities of flooded and trampled grasslands)
Class: Agrostietea stoloniferae
|
| English circumscription |
06.4 (Annual ruderal communities)
Class: Sisymbrietea officinalis
|
| English circumscription |
06.5 (Eusiberian ruderal mugwort and thistles communities, and couch-grasslands)
Class: Artemisietea vulgaris
|
| English circumscription |
06.6 (Chickweed and other field weed communities)
Class: Stellarietea mediae
|
| English circumscription |
07.4 (Communities of clear-felled areas)
Class: Epilobietea angustifolii
|
| English circumscription |
07.5 (Nitrophilous tall herb communities)
Class: Galio-Urticetea dioicae
|
| English circumscription |
09.5 (Blackthorn and buckthorn shrubs)
Class: Rhamno-Prunetea spinosae
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