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Overview of all traits of a species

species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status)
BiolFlor-Name family german name(s)
Euphorbia esula L. s. str. Euphorbiaceae » Esels-Wolfsmilch
reference
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
 
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998)
Euphorbia esula L. accepted
Euphorbia esula subsp. pinifolia (Lam.) P. Fourn. Synonym
Euphorbia pinifolia Lam. Synonym
Euphorbia esula subsp. esula , s. l. Synonym
Euphorbia esula subsp. esula , s. str. Synonym
<Euphorbia esula agg. accepted
<Euphorbia esula L., s. l. Synonym
 
group of traits: Status »
Floristic status »
Floristic status I (indigenous)
Evolutionary origin »
Evolutionary origin n (naturally)
Region of origin »
Region of origin 0 (not specified)
Endemism »
Endemism 0 (not specified)
Reference unbekannt
 
group of traits: Chromosome number »
Chromosome number »
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 60
Chromosome number (Germany) False
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 8 (octoploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 64
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 8 (octoploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart
 
group of traits: Phylogeny »
Phylogeny code »
Phylogeny code BBBBBBBBBABBBBBBAABBEC
 
group of traits: Morphology »
Life form »
Life form G (Geophyte)
Qualifier always [1]
Life form H (Hemicryptophyte)
Qualifier always [1]
Life span »
Life span p (pluriennial-pollakanthic)
Qualifier always [1]
Vegetative propagation »
Vegetative propagation rp (Rhizome-like pleiocorm)
Qualifier always [1]
Vegetative propagation ws (Root shoot)
Qualifier always [1]
Storage organs »
Storage organs rp (Rhizome-like pleiocorm)
Qualifier always [1]
Shoot metamorphoses »
Shoot metamorphoses rp (Rhizome-like pleiocorm)
Qualifier always [1]
Root metamorphoses »
Root metamorphoses ws (Root shoot)
Qualifier always [1]
Rosettes »
Rosettes r (Erosulate plant)
Qualifier always [1]
special references:
Best, K.F., Bowes, G.G., Thomas, A.G., Maw, M.G. 1980: The biology of Canadian weeds. 39. Euphorbia esula L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 60:651-663
Meusel, H. 1952: Über Wuchsform, Verbreitung und Phylogenie einiger mediterran mitteleuropäischer Angiospermen-Gattungen. Flora 139:333-393
McIntyre, G. 1979: Developmental studies in Euphorbia esula. Evidence of competition for water as a factor in the mechanism of root bud inhibition. Canadian Journal of Botany 57:2572-2581
McIntyre, G. 1972: Developmental studies in Euphorbia esula. The influence of the nitrogen supply on the correlative inhibition of root bud activity. Canadian Journal of Botany 50:949-956
Raju, M.V., Coupland, R.T., Steeves, T.A. 1966: On the occurrence of root buds on perennial plants in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Botany 44:33-37
Beijerinck, M.W. 1887: Beobachtungen und Betrachtungen über Wurzelknospen und Nebenwurzeln. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. , Afd. Natuurk. , Tweede Sect. 25:1-146
Wittrock, V.B. 1884: Über Wurzelsprosse bei krautigen Gewächsen, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf ihre verschiedene biologische Bedeutung. Biol. Centralbl. 17:227-232
Rauh, W. 1937: Die Bildung von Hypokotyl- und Wurzelsprossen und ihre Bedeutung für die Wuchsformen der Pflanzen. Nova Acta Leopold. N. F. 4:395-553
Raju, M.V., Steeves, T.A., Coupland, R.T. 1964: On the regeneration of root fragments of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Weed Research 4:2-11
Hanelt, P. 1955: Wuchsformstudien in der Gattung Euphorbia L.. Dipl.-Arb. Univ. Halle
 
group of traits: Leaf traits »
Leaf persistence »
Leaf persistence s (summer green)
Leaf anatomy »
Leaf anatomy m (mesomorphic)
Leaf form »
Leaf form lang (long-leaf)
 
group of traits: Flowering phenology »
Flowering phenology »
Begin of flowering (months) 5
End of flowering (months) 7
Duration of flowering (months) 3
Number of flowering phases 0
Symphenological Groups »
Phenological group 0 (not available)
Phenological season: not available
Reference Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560
 
group of traits: Floral and reproductive biology »
Type of reproduction »
Type of reproduction sv (by seed and vegetatively)
Reference Best, K.F., Bowes, G.G., Thomas, A.G., Maw, M.G. 1980: The biology of Canadian weeds. 39. Euphorbia esula L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 60:651-663
Type of seed production »
Type of seed production f (facultativ apomictic)
Reference Selbo, S.M., Carmichael, J.S. 1999: Reproductive biology of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.): breeding system analysis. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:1684-1688
Type of apomixis »
Type of apomixis p (pseudogamous)
Reference Selbo, S.M., Carmichael, J.S. 1999: Reproductive biology of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.): breeding system analysis. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:1684-1688
Dicliny »
Dicliny so (hermaphroditic)
Abundance always [1]
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Dichogamy »
Dichogamy g3 (pronounced protogynous)
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility »
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility SC (self-compatibel)
Reference Selbo, S.M., Carmichael, J.S. 1999: Reproductive biology of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.): breeding system analysis. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:1684-1688
Systematic reference species [S]
SI mechanism »
SI mechanism ID (inbreeding depression)
Reference Selbo, S.M., Carmichael, J.S. 1999: Reproductive biology of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.): breeding system analysis. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:1684-1688
Pollen vector »
Pollen vector se (selfing)
Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung)
Abundance at failure of outcrossing [7]
Reference Haber, E. 1997: Invasive Exotic Plants of Canada Fact Sheet No. 9. Leafy Spurge. http://infoweb.magi.com/~ehaber/factsprg.html
Systematic reference species [S]
Pollen vector in (insects)
Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung)
Abundance the rule [2]
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Systematic reference species [S]
Breeding system »
Breeding system AFXF (mixed mating)
Reference Haber, E. 1997: Invasive Exotic Plants of Canada Fact Sheet No. 9. Leafy Spurge. http://infoweb.magi.com/~ehaber/factsprg.html
Floral rewards »
Floral rewards 1 (nectar)
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Amount of floral reward 3 (present)
Floral rewards 2 (pollen)
Reference Haber, E. 1997: Invasive Exotic Plants of Canada Fact Sheet No. 9. Leafy Spurge. http://infoweb.magi.com/~ehaber/factsprg.html
Amount of floral reward 4 (plenty)
Flower color »
Flower colour green to yellowish
Basic flower colour gr (green)
Reference Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin
UV reflection of the flower »
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower 2 (8-15 %)
UV reflection in the centre of the flower 2 (8-15 %)
UV reflection pattern 0 (no UV reflectance patterns)
Flower class after MUELLER »
Flower class after MUELLER A (flowers with open nectar)
Typical pollinators: beetles, flies, syrphids, wasps, medium tongued bees
Flower type after KUGLER »
Flower type after KUGLER 1.2a (disk flowers with nectar open)
 
group of traits: Seed traits »
Fruit type »
Fruit type Ka (capsule)
Diaspore type »
Diaspore type S (seed)
Germinule type »
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Germinule type S (seed)
Information available True
Development of nutritious appendages always [1]
Development of flat appendages  
Development of elongated appendages  
Development of additional appendages  
Weights »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore S (seed)
Constraint True
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg]  
Weight (mean) [mg] 1.6
Weight (maximum) [mg]  
Sizes »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore S (seed)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 1.8
Length (mean) [mm] 2.1
Length (maximum) [mm] 2.5
Width (minimum) [mm] 1.4
Width (mean) [mm] 1.6
Width (maximum) [mm] 1.8
Height (minimum) [mm] 1.3
Height (mean) [mm] 1.4
Height (maximum) [mm] 1.5
Measured object Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore S (seed)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 1.8
Length (mean) [mm] 2.1
Length (maximum) [mm] 2.5
Width (minimum) [mm] 1.4
Width (mean) [mm] 1.6
Width (maximum) [mm] 1.8
Height (minimum) [mm] 1.3
Height (mean) [mm] 1.4
Height (maximum) [mm] 1.5
special references:
Müller-Schneider, P. 1986: Verbreitungsbiologie der Blütenpflanzen Graubündens. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes der ETH, Stiftung Rübel, Zürich 85:1-261 (Gattung)
Anderberg, A.L. 1994: Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions. - Part 4 (Resedaceae - Umbelliferae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Gattung)
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
Bresinsky, A. 1963: Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Inhaltsstoffe der Elaiosomen. Studien zur myrmekochoren Verbreitung von Samen und Früchten. Bibliotheca Botanica Vol. 126. (Gattung)
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
Ehler, N. 1976: Mikromorphologie der Samenoberflächen der Gattung Euphorbia. Plant Systematics and Evolution 126:189-207 (Gattung)
Heubl, G.R., Wanner, G. 1996: Samenmorphologische Studien in der Gattung Euphorbia L.. Berichte der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellscahft 66/67:7-25 (Gattung)
Lisci, M., Bianchini, M., Pacini, E. 1996: Structure and function of the elaiosome in some angiosperm species. Flora 191:141 (Gattung)
Luftensteiner, H.W. 1982: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitungssbiologie von Pflanzengemeinschaften an vier Standorten in Niederösterreich. Bibliotheca Botanica 135:1-68 (Gattung)
Serwatka, J. 1972: Seed morphology and anatomy of the European species of the genus Euphorbia L.. Monographiae Botanicae 37:3-33 (Gattung)
Heinisch, O. 1955: Samenatlas der wichtigsten Futterpflanzen und ihrer Unkräuter. Deutsche Akad. Landwirtsch.-Wiss., Berlin (Gattung)
 
group of traits: Ecological strategy »
Strategy type »
Strategy type csr (competitors/stress-tolerators/ruderals)
 
group of traits: Range »
Floristic zone and altitudinal level »
Floristic zone e (submeridional)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone p (southern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone n (northern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Number of inhabited floristic zones »
Number of inhabited floristic zones 2
Oceanity »
Oceanity sks (weak subcontinental)
Amplitude of Oceanity: 4
Minimum level of oceantity: extreme central continental climate
Maximum level of oceantity: extreme oceanic climate
Status natural range
Floristic region »
Floristic region e (Europe)
Continent of floristic region: e (Europa)
Status natural range
 
group of traits: Hemeroby »
Hemeroby »
Hemeroby m (mesohemerobic)
Hemeroby b (b-euhemerobic)
Hemeroby c (a-euhemerobic)
Hemeroby p (polyhemerobic)
Number of hemerobic levels »
Number of hemerobic levels 4
 
group of traits: Urbanity »
Urbanity »
Urbanity 3 (urbanoneutral)
 
group of traits: Habitats »
Habitat »
Habitat T10.3.1.3 (null)
Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat T6.2.2.2.2 (null)
Alliance: Koelerio-Phleion phleoides
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat T7.4.1 (null)
Alliance: Lolio-Potentillion
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat T8.2.2.5 (null)
Alliance: Onopordion acanthii
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
 
group of traits: Sociology »
Class »
English circumscription 05.3 (Fescue-brome communities of dry and semi-dry grasslands)
Class: Festuco-Brometea
English circumscription 05.4 (Commercially used grasslands)
Class: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea
English circumscription 05.5 (Communities of flooded and trampled grasslands)
Class: Agrostietea stoloniferae
English circumscription 06.5 (Eusiberian ruderal mugwort and thistles communities, and couch-grasslands)
Class: Artemisietea vulgaris
English circumscription 07.5 (Nitrophilous tall herb communities)
Class: Galio-Urticetea dioicae
 
 
groups of traits for this species
Status »
Chromosome number »
Phylogeny »
Morphology »
Leaf traits »
Flowering phenology »
Floral and reproductive biology »
Seed traits »
Ecological strategy »
Range »
Hemeroby »
Urbanity »
Habitats »
Sociology »


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