species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Helleborus foetidus L. |
Ranunculaceae » |
Stinkende Nieswurz
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Helleborus foetidus L. |
accepted |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
8 |
Chromosome number 2n |
32 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
4 (tetraploid) |
Ploidy type |
P (polyploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
|
DNA content » |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
23.4 |
Chromosome number |
32 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
False |
Reference |
Zonneveld, B.J.M. 2001: Nuclear DNA contents of all species of Helleborus (Ranunculaceae) discriminate between species and sectional divisions. Plant Systematics and Evolution 229:125-130 |
|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
3 |
End of flowering (months) |
5 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
3 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
2 (Acer platanoides-Anemone nemorosa-Phase) Phenological season: start of early spring |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
s (by seed/by spore) |
Reference |
Krumbiegel, A. 2002: Morphologie der vegetativen Organe (außer Blätter). In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.) BiolFlor - Biologisch-ökologische Daten zur Flora Deutschlands, S. 1-2, Bonn |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Vesprini, J.L., Pacini, E. 2000: Breeding systems in two species of the genus Helleborus (Ranunculaceae). Plant Biosystems 134:193-197 |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
so (hermaphroditic) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
g2 (protogynous) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
C+ (± self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Herrera, C.M., Sanchez-Lafuente, A.M., Medrano, M., Guitian, J., Cerda, X., Rey, P. 2001: Geographical variation in autonomous self-pollination levels unrelated to pollinator service in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae). American Journal of Botany 88:1025-1032 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
I+ (± self-incompatibel) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
SI mechanism » |
SI mechanism |
GSI (gametophytic self-incompatibility) |
Reference |
de Nettancourt, D. 1977: Incompatibility in angiosperms. Springer, Berlin |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
se (selfing) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
at failure of outcrossing [7] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Herrera, C.M., Sanchez-Lafuente, A.M., Medrano, M., Guitian, J., Cerda, X., Rey, P. 2001: Geographical variation in autonomous self-pollination levels unrelated to pollinator service in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae). American Journal of Botany 88:1025-1032 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
XF (facultative allogamous) |
Reference |
Herrera, C.M., Sanchez-Lafuente, A.M., Medrano, M., Guitian, J., Cerda, X., Rey, P. 2001: Geographical variation in autonomous self-pollination levels unrelated to pollinator service in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae). American Journal of Botany 88:1025-1032 |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
yellow green, rimmed reddish |
Basic flower colour |
gr (green) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
2 (8-15 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
0 (no UV reflectance patterns) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
BHb (transition type flowers with totally hidden nectar - bee flowers in a narrow sense) Typical pollinators: bees, toung < 7 mm |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
3.2 (bell shaped flowers with sticky pollen) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
SaBa (aggregate follicles) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
S (seed) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
S (seed) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
always [1] |
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
True |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
|
Weight (mean) [mg] |
11.4 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
|
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
True |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
4.5 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
4.8 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
4.9 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
2.0 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
2.2 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
2.5 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
2.0 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
2.2 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
2.5 |
special references:
|
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
|
Bresinsky, A. 1963: Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Inhaltsstoffe der Elaiosomen. Studien zur myrmekochoren Verbreitung von Samen und Früchten. Bibliotheca Botanica Vol. 126. (Gattung)
|
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
|
Müller, P. 1955: Verbreitungsbiologie (Diasporologie) der Blütenpflanzen. Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel Zürich . Verlag Hans Huber, Bern. (Gattung)
|
|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
T1.1.1.4 (null) Alliance: Cephalanthero-Fagenion
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T1.1.2.3 (null) Alliance: Carpinion betuli
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T1.1.2.4.1 (null) Alliance: Quercion pubescentis
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
|
Class » |
English circumscription |
10.2 (Mesophilous, summer-green deciduous forests) Class: Carpino-Fagetea
|
English circumscription |
10.4 (Thermophilous dry oak forests) Class: Quercetea pubescentis-petraeae
|
|
|
|
Display of complete information for the selected species. Only traits available for the selected species are displayed.
|