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Overview of all traits of a species

species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status)
BiolFlor-Name family german name(s)
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. s. l. Ranunculaceae » Gewöhnliche Kuhschelle i.w.S.
reference
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
 
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998)
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. accepted
Pulsatilla vulgaris agg. Synonym
Pulsatilla vulgaris 'Sammelart' Synonym
Pulsatilla vulgaris - Gruppe Synonym
>Pulsatilla vulgaris subsp. grandis (Wender.) Zamels accepted
>Pulsatilla grandis Wender. Basionym
>Anemone pulsatilla subsp. grandis (Wender.) Gürke Synonym
>Pulsatilla vulgaris subsp. vulgaris accepted
>Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill., s. str. Synonym
>Anemone pulsatilla L. Synonym
>Pulsatilla germanica Blocki Synonym
>Pulsatilla oenipontana Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Synonym
>Pulsatilla vulgaris var. vulgaris Synonym
>Pulsatilla vulgaris var. oenipontana (Dalla Torre & Sarnth.) Schwegl. Synonym
 
group of traits: Status »
Floristic status »
Floristic status I (indigenous)
Evolutionary origin »
Evolutionary origin n (naturally)
Region of origin »
Region of origin 0 (not specified)
Endemism »
Endemism 0 (not specified)
Reference unbekannt
 
group of traits: Chromosome number »
Chromosome number »
Basic chromosome number 8
Chromosome number 2n 32
Chromosome number (Germany) True
Most common chromosome race False
Ploidy level 4 (tetraploid)
Ploidy type P (polyploid with haploid basic number)
Reference Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart
 
group of traits: DNA content »
DNA content »
DNA content (pg/2C) 26.6
Chromosome number 16
Quality chromosome number known, but does not occur in Germany [n]
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 True
Reference Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345
 
group of traits: Phylogeny »
Phylogeny code »
Phylogeny code BBBBBBABBBBAABBABA
 
group of traits: Morphology »
Life form »
Life form H (Hemicryptophyte)
Qualifier always [1]
Life span »
Life span p (pluriennial-pollakanthic)
Qualifier always [1]
Storage organs »
Storage organs p (Pleiocorm)
Qualifier always [1]
Storage organs r (Primary storage root)
Qualifier always [1]
Shoot metamorphoses »
Shoot metamorphoses p (Pleiocorm)
Qualifier always [1]
Root metamorphoses »
Root metamorphoses r (Primary storage root)
Qualifier always [1]
Rosettes »
Rosettes g (Rosette plant)
Qualifier always [1]
special references:
Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292
Ebel, F., Mühlberg, H. 1987: Vergleichend-ökomorphologische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen-Taxa eines Trocken- und Feuchtbiotops. Hercynia N. F. 24:408-424
Kutschera, L., Lichtenegger, E. 1992: Wurzelatlas mitteleuropäischer Grünlandpflanzen. Bd. 2 Pteridophyta und Dicotyledonae (Magnoliopsida). Teil I Morphologie, Anatomie, Ökologie, Verbreitung, Soziologie, Wirtschaft. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena, New York
Salisbury, E. 1952: Downs and dunes. Their plant life and its environment. Bells & Sons, London
 
group of traits: Leaf traits »
Leaf persistence »
Leaf persistence s (summer green)
Leaf anatomy »
Leaf anatomy s (scleromorphic)
Leaf anatomy m (mesomorphic)
Leaf form »
Leaf form mgef (bipinnate)
 
group of traits: Flowering phenology »
Flowering phenology »
Begin of flowering (months) 4
End of flowering (months) 5
Duration of flowering (months) 2
Number of flowering phases 0
Symphenological Groups »
Phenological group 2 (Acer platanoides-Anemone nemorosa-Phase)
Phenological season: start of early spring
Reference Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560
 
group of traits: Floral and reproductive biology »
Type of reproduction »
Type of reproduction sv (by seed and vegetatively)
Reference Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292
Type of seed production »
Type of seed production s (amphimictic, sexual)
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Dicliny »
Dicliny so (hermaphroditic)
Abundance always [1]
Reference Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292
Dichogamy »
Dichogamy g3 (pronounced protogynous)
Reference Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292
Dichogamy g2 (protogynous)
Reference Jonsson, O., Rosquist, G., Widén, B. 1991: Operation of dichogamy and herkogamy in five taxa of Pulsatilla. Holarctic Ecology 14:260-271
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility »
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility C+ (± self-compatibel)
Reference Lindell, T. 1998: Breeding systems and crossing experiments in Anemone patens and in the Anemone pulsatilla group (Ranunculaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 18:549-561
Systematic reference species [S]
Pollen vector »
Pollen vector se (selfing)
Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung)
Abundance rare [4]
Reference Lindell, T. 1998: Breeding systems and crossing experiments in Anemone patens and in the Anemone pulsatilla group (Ranunculaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 18:549-561
Systematic reference species [S]
Pollen vector in (insects)
Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung)
Abundance the rule [2]
Reference Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292
Systematic reference species [S]
Breeding system »
Breeding system XF (facultative allogamous)
Reference Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb.
P/O ratio »
P/O ratio 3570.0
Reference Kratochwil, A. 1988: Zur Bestäubungsstrategie von Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill.. Flora 181:261-324
Floral rewards »
Floral rewards 1 (nectar)
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Amount of floral reward 3 (present)
Floral rewards 2 (pollen)
Reference Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Amount of floral reward 4 (plenty)
Flower color »
Flower colour violet
Basic flower colour vi (violet)
Reference Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin
UV reflection of the flower »
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower 4 (28-39 %)
UV reflection in the centre of the flower 4 (28-39 %)
UV reflection pattern 1 (UV reflectance pattern present)
Flower class after MUELLER »
Flower class after MUELLER BHb (transition type flowers with totally hidden nectar - bee flowers in a narrow sense)
Typical pollinators: bees, toung < 7 mm
Flower type after KUGLER »
Flower type after KUGLER 3.2 (bell shaped flowers with sticky pollen)
 
group of traits: Seed traits »
Fruit type »
Fruit type SaNu (aggregate nutlets)
Diaspore type »
Diaspore type Fch (fruitlet)
Germinule type »
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Germinule type Fch (fruitlet)
Information available True
Development of nutritious appendages  
Development of flat appendages  
Development of elongated appendages always [1]
Development of additional appendages  
Weights »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore Fch (fruitlet)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg]  
Weight (mean) [mg] 3.0
Weight (maximum) [mg]  
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore Fch (fruitlet)
Constraint True
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg] 2.1
Weight (mean) [mg] 2.2
Weight (maximum) [mg] 2.5
Measured object Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore Fch (fruitlet)
Constraint False
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg]  
Weight (mean) [mg] 3.0
Weight (maximum) [mg]  
Sizes »
Measured object Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore Fch (fruitlet)
Constraint True
Heteromorphic type n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm] 4.0
Length (mean) [mm] 4.6
Length (maximum) [mm] 5.5
Width (minimum) [mm] 0.6
Width (mean) [mm] 0.9
Width (maximum) [mm] 1.0
Height (minimum) [mm] 0.6
Height (mean) [mm] 0.9
Height (maximum) [mm] 1.0
special references:
Briemle, G. 1996: Farbatlas Kräuter und Gräser. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Gattung)
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
Berggren, G. 1981: Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions. - Part 3 (Salicaceae-Cruciferaceae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Gattung)
Bresinsky, A. 1963: Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Inhaltsstoffe der Elaiosomen. Studien zur myrmekochoren Verbreitung von Samen und Früchten. Bibliotheca Botanica Vol. 126. (Gattung)
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
Luftensteiner, H.W. 1982: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitungssbiologie von Pflanzengemeinschaften an vier Standorten in Niederösterreich. Bibliotheca Botanica 135:1-68 (Gattung)
Vogler, P. 1901: Ueber die Verbreitungsmittel der schweizerischen Alpenpflanzen. Flora 89 (Ergänzungsband zum Jg.1901):1-137 (Gattung)
 
group of traits: Ecological strategy »
Strategy type »
Strategy type csr (competitors/stress-tolerators/ruderals)
 
group of traits: Indicator values for grassland species »
Grassland utilization indicator values »
Occurrence GE (little used grasslands)
Guild K (forb)
Mowing tolerance 3 (sensitive to mowing)
Grazing tolerance 6 (between 5 and 7 (moderately tolerant to well tolerant to grazing))
Trampling tolerance 5 (moderately tolerant to trampling)
Foraging value 2 (no or little forage value)
Foraging value for deer  
 
group of traits: Range »
Floristic zone and altitudinal level »
Floristic zone e (submeridional)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone p (southern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Floristic zone n (northern temperate)
Altitudinal level  
Status natural range
Number of inhabited floristic zones »
Number of inhabited floristic zones 2
Oceanity »
Oceanity sks (weak subcontinental)
Amplitude of Oceanity: 4
Minimum level of oceantity: extreme central continental climate
Maximum level of oceantity: extreme oceanic climate
Status natural range
Floristic region »
Floristic region e (Europe)
Continent of floristic region: e (Europa)
Status natural range
 
group of traits: Hemeroby »
Hemeroby »
Hemeroby o (oligohemerobic)
Hemeroby m (mesohemerobic)
Number of hemerobic levels »
Number of hemerobic levels 2
 
group of traits: Urbanity »
Urbanity »
Urbanity 1 (urbanophobic)
 
group of traits: Habitats »
Habitat »
Habitat T1.4.1.2 (null)
Alliance: Cytiso ruthenico-Pinion
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat T5.1.2 (null)
Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
Habitat T6.2.2.2 (null)
Alliance: Brometalia erecti
Occurrence questionable False
Occurence restricted False
Annotation  
 
group of traits: Sociology »
Class »
English circumscription 05.2 (Pioneer communities of hair-grasses)
Class: Koelerio-Corynephoretea
English circumscription 05.3 (Fescue-brome communities of dry and semi-dry grasslands)
Class: Festuco-Brometea
English circumscription 05.6 (Acidic mat-grass communities)
Class: Nardetea strictae
English circumscription 08.4 (Heather and gorse heathlands)
Class: Calluno-Ulicetea
English circumscription 10.6 (Pine steppe-forests)
Class: Pulsatillo-Pinetea sylvestris
English circumscription 10.7 (Snow-heather pine-forests)
Class: Erico-Pinetea
 
 
groups of traits for this species
Status »
Chromosome number »
DNA content »
Phylogeny »
Morphology »
Leaf traits »
Flowering phenology »
Floral and reproductive biology »
Seed traits »
Ecological strategy »
Indicator values for grassland species »
Range »
Hemeroby »
Urbanity »
Habitats »
Sociology »


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