species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. s. l. |
Ranunculaceae » |
Gewöhnliche Kuhschelle i.w.S.
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reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
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Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. |
accepted |
Pulsatilla vulgaris agg. |
Synonym |
Pulsatilla vulgaris 'Sammelart' |
Synonym |
Pulsatilla vulgaris - Gruppe |
Synonym |
>Pulsatilla vulgaris subsp. grandis (Wender.) Zamels |
accepted |
>Pulsatilla grandis Wender. |
Basionym |
>Anemone pulsatilla subsp. grandis (Wender.) Gürke |
Synonym |
>Pulsatilla vulgaris subsp. vulgaris |
accepted |
>Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill., s. str. |
Synonym |
>Anemone pulsatilla L. |
Synonym |
>Pulsatilla germanica Blocki |
Synonym |
>Pulsatilla oenipontana Dalla Torre & Sarnth. |
Synonym |
>Pulsatilla vulgaris var. vulgaris |
Synonym |
>Pulsatilla vulgaris var. oenipontana (Dalla Torre & Sarnth.) Schwegl. |
Synonym |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
8 |
Chromosome number 2n |
32 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
4 (tetraploid) |
Ploidy type |
P (polyploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
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DNA content » |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
26.6 |
Chromosome number |
16 |
Quality |
chromosome number known, but does not occur in Germany [n] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
True |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
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Life form » |
Life form |
H (Hemicryptophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life span » |
Life span |
p (pluriennial-pollakanthic) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Storage organs » |
Storage organs |
p (Pleiocorm) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Storage organs |
r (Primary storage root) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Shoot metamorphoses » |
Shoot metamorphoses |
p (Pleiocorm) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Root metamorphoses » |
Root metamorphoses |
r (Primary storage root) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Rosettes » |
Rosettes |
g (Rosette plant) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
special references:
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Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292
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Ebel, F., Mühlberg, H. 1987: Vergleichend-ökomorphologische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen-Taxa eines Trocken- und Feuchtbiotops. Hercynia N. F. 24:408-424
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Kutschera, L., Lichtenegger, E. 1992: Wurzelatlas mitteleuropäischer Grünlandpflanzen. Bd. 2 Pteridophyta und Dicotyledonae (Magnoliopsida). Teil I Morphologie, Anatomie, Ökologie, Verbreitung, Soziologie, Wirtschaft. Fischer, Stuttgart, Jena, New York
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Salisbury, E. 1952: Downs and dunes. Their plant life and its environment. Bells & Sons, London
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Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
4 |
End of flowering (months) |
5 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
2 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
2 (Acer platanoides-Anemone nemorosa-Phase) Phenological season: start of early spring |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
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Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
sv (by seed and vegetatively) |
Reference |
Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292 |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
so (hermaphroditic) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292 |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
g3 (pronounced protogynous) |
Reference |
Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292 |
Dichogamy |
g2 (protogynous) |
Reference |
Jonsson, O., Rosquist, G., Widén, B. 1991: Operation of dichogamy and herkogamy in five taxa of Pulsatilla. Holarctic Ecology 14:260-271 |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
C+ (± self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Lindell, T. 1998: Breeding systems and crossing experiments in Anemone patens and in the Anemone pulsatilla group (Ranunculaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 18:549-561 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
se (selfing) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
rare [4] |
Reference |
Lindell, T. 1998: Breeding systems and crossing experiments in Anemone patens and in the Anemone pulsatilla group (Ranunculaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 18:549-561 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Wells, T.C.E., Barling, D.M. 1971: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. (Anemone pulsatilla L.). Journal of Ecology 59:275-292 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
XF (facultative allogamous) |
Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb. |
P/O ratio » |
P/O ratio |
3570.0 |
Reference |
Kratochwil, A. 1988: Zur Bestäubungsstrategie von Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill.. Flora 181:261-324 |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Floral rewards |
2 (pollen) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
4 (plenty) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
violet |
Basic flower colour |
vi (violet) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
4 (28-39 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
4 (28-39 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
1 (UV reflectance pattern present) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
BHb (transition type flowers with totally hidden nectar - bee flowers in a narrow sense) Typical pollinators: bees, toung < 7 mm |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
3.2 (bell shaped flowers with sticky pollen) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
SaNu (aggregate nutlets) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
Fch (fruitlet) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
Fch (fruitlet) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
always [1] |
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
Fch (fruitlet) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
|
Weight (mean) [mg] |
3.0 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
|
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
Fch (fruitlet) |
Constraint |
True |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
2.1 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
2.2 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
2.5 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
Fch (fruitlet) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
|
Weight (mean) [mg] |
3.0 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
|
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
Fch (fruitlet) |
Constraint |
True |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
4.0 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
4.6 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
5.5 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.6 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
0.9 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.6 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.9 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.0 |
special references:
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Briemle, G. 1996: Farbatlas Kräuter und Gräser. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Gattung)
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Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
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Berggren, G. 1981: Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions. - Part 3 (Salicaceae-Cruciferaceae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Gattung)
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Bresinsky, A. 1963: Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Inhaltsstoffe der Elaiosomen. Studien zur myrmekochoren Verbreitung von Samen und Früchten. Bibliotheca Botanica Vol. 126. (Gattung)
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Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
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Luftensteiner, H.W. 1982: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitungssbiologie von Pflanzengemeinschaften an vier Standorten in Niederösterreich. Bibliotheca Botanica 135:1-68 (Gattung)
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Vogler, P. 1901: Ueber die Verbreitungsmittel der schweizerischen Alpenpflanzen. Flora 89 (Ergänzungsband zum Jg.1901):1-137 (Gattung)
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Grassland utilization indicator values » |
Occurrence |
GE (little used grasslands) |
Guild |
K (forb) |
Mowing tolerance |
3 (sensitive to mowing) |
Grazing tolerance |
6 (between 5 and 7 (moderately tolerant to well tolerant to grazing)) |
Trampling tolerance |
5 (moderately tolerant to trampling) |
Foraging value |
2 (no or little forage value) |
Foraging value for deer |
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|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
T1.4.1.2 (null) Alliance: Cytiso ruthenico-Pinion
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
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Habitat |
T5.1.2 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T6.2.2.2 (null) Alliance: Brometalia erecti
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
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Class » |
English circumscription |
05.2 (Pioneer communities of hair-grasses) Class: Koelerio-Corynephoretea
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English circumscription |
05.3 (Fescue-brome communities of dry and semi-dry grasslands) Class: Festuco-Brometea
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English circumscription |
05.6 (Acidic mat-grass communities) Class: Nardetea strictae
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English circumscription |
08.4 (Heather and gorse heathlands) Class: Calluno-Ulicetea
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English circumscription |
10.6 (Pine steppe-forests) Class: Pulsatillo-Pinetea sylvestris
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English circumscription |
10.7 (Snow-heather pine-forests) Class: Erico-Pinetea
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