species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke s. l. |
Caryophyllaceae » |
Taubenkropf-Leimkraut
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke |
accepted |
Silene vulgaris subsp. angustifolia |
Synonym |
Oberna behen (L.) Ikonn. |
Synonym |
Cucubalus latifolius Mill. |
Synonym |
Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle, non Poir. 1789, nom. illeg. |
Synonym |
Silene vulgaris var. latifolia , sensu Oberd. |
Synonym |
Cucubalus behen L. |
Nomen Substitutum |
Silene willdenowii Sweet |
Synonym |
Behen vulgaris Moench |
Basionym |
Silene vulgaris agg. |
Synonym |
Silene cucubalus Wibel, nom. illeg. |
Synonym |
Silene inflata Sm. |
Synonym |
>Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa (Jord.) Marsden-Jones & Turrill |
accepted |
>Silene uniflora subsp. glareosa (Jord.) Chater & Walters |
Synonym |
>Oberna glareosa (Jord.) Ikonn. |
Synonym |
>Silene vulgaris subsp. alpina , auct., non (Lam.) Thomas |
Synonym |
>Silene willdenowii , auct., non Sweet 1830 |
Synonym |
>Silene alpina , auct. |
Synonym |
>Silene glareosa Jord. |
Basionym |
>Silene vulgaris subsp. prostrata , auct., non (Gaudin) Schinz & Thell. |
Synonym |
>Behen alpinus var. glareosus (Jord.) Gusul. |
Synonym |
>Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris , s. l. |
accepted |
>Silene cucubalus subsp. humilis (R. Schub.) Rothm. |
Synonym |
>Cucubalus angustifolius Mill. |
Synonym |
>Silene vulgaris var. vulgaris |
Synonym |
>Silene vulgaris subsp. humilis (Schubert) Rauschert |
Synonym |
>Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, s. str. |
Synonym |
>Silene vulgaris var. humilis R. Schub. |
Synonym |
>Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris , s. str. |
Synonym |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
12 |
Chromosome number 2n |
48 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
False |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
|
Ploidy type |
R (palaeopolyploid; polyploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
Basic chromosome number |
12 |
Chromosome number 2n |
24 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
2 (diploid) |
Ploidy type |
R (palaeopolyploid; polyploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
5 |
End of flowering (months) |
9 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
5 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
6 (Cornus sanguinea-Melica uniflora-Phase) Phenological season: start of early summer |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
s (by seed/by spore) |
Reference |
Krumbiegel, A. 2002: Morphologie der vegetativen Organe (außer Blätter). In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.) BiolFlor - Biologisch-ökologische Daten zur Flora Deutschlands, S. 1-2, Bonn |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
gm (gynomonoecious) |
Abundance |
rare [4] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dicliny |
gd (gynodioecious) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Jürgens, A., Witt, T., Gottsberger, G. 2002: Pollen grain numbers, ovule numbers and pollen-ovule ratios in Caryophylloideae: correlation with breeding system, pollination, life form, style number, and sexual system. Sexual Plant Reproduction 14:279-289 |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
a2 (protandrous) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dichogamy |
a3 (pronounced protandrous) |
Reference |
Jürgens, A., Witt, T., Gottsberger, G. 1996: Reproduction and pollination in Central European populations of Silene and Saponaria species. Botanica Acta 109:316-324 |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SC (self-compatibel) |
Reference |
Jürgens, A., Witt, T., Gottsberger, G. 1996: Reproduction and pollination in Central European populations of Silene and Saponaria species. Botanica Acta 109:316-324 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
se (selfing) Pollen vector group: se (Selbstbestäubung) |
Abundance |
possible [5] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
the rule [2] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
XF (facultative allogamous) |
Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb. |
P/O ratio » |
P/O ratio |
236.0 |
Reference |
Jürgens, A. 1998: Blütenmorphologie, Reproduktionssysteme und Blütendüfte von Silene-, Dianthus, Saponaria-, Agrostemma-, und Vaccaria-Arten (Caryophyllaceae). Diss. Univ. Ulm |
P/O ratio |
236.0 |
Reference |
Jürgens, A., Witt, T., Gottsberger, G. 2002: Pollen grain numbers, ovule numbers and pollen-ovule ratios in Caryophylloideae: correlation with breeding system, pollination, life form, style number, and sexual system. Sexual Plant Reproduction 14:279-289 |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
white |
Basic flower colour |
w (white) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
3 (16-27 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
3 (16-27 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
1 (UV reflectance pattern present) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
FHh (transition type butterfly flowers - bumble bee flowers) Typical pollinators: lepidoptera, bumble bees |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
4.2 (stalk disc flowers, stamina and pistil outside tube) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Ka (capsule) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
S (seed) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
S (seed) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.7 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.8 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
1.1 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.7 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.8 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
1.1 |
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
1.9 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.8 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.2 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.7 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.6 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.9 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.2 |
Measured object |
Diaspore |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
1.0 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
1.9 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.8 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.2 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.7 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.6 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.9 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.2 |
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
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Thompson, K., Band, S.R., Hodgson, J.G. 1993: Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil. Functional Ecology 7:236-241 (Gattung)
|
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
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Hensen, I., Müller, C. 1997: Experimental and structural investigations of anemochorous dispersal. Plant Ecology 133:169-180 (Gattung)
|
Jones, V., Richards, P.W. 1962: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq.. Journal of Ecology 50:475-487 (Gattung)
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Bakker, J.P., Bakker, E.S., Rosén, E., Verweij, G.L., Bekker, R.M. 1996: Soil seed bank composition along a gradient from dry alvar grassland to Juniperus shrubland. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:165-176 (Gattung)
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Bakker, J.P., Bakker, E.S., Rosén, E., Verweij, G.L. 1997: The soil seed bank of undisturbed and disturbed dry limestone grassland on Öland (Sweden). Z. Ökologie Nat. sch. 6:9-18 (Gattung)
|
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
|
Berggren, G. 1981: Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions. - Part 3 (Salicaceae-Cruciferaceae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Gattung)
|
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
|
Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
|
Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
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Luftensteiner, H.W. 1982: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitungssbiologie von Pflanzengemeinschaften an vier Standorten in Niederösterreich. Bibliotheca Botanica 135:1-68 (Gattung)
|
Vogler, P. 1901: Ueber die Verbreitungsmittel der schweizerischen Alpenpflanzen. Flora 89 (Ergänzungsband zum Jg.1901):1-137 (Gattung)
|
Heinisch, O. 1955: Samenatlas der wichtigsten Futterpflanzen und ihrer Unkräuter. Deutsche Akad. Landwirtsch.-Wiss., Berlin (Gattung)
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Grassland utilization indicator values » |
Occurrence |
GE (little used grasslands) |
Guild |
K (forb) |
Mowing tolerance |
4 (between 3 and 5 (sensitive to moderately tolerant to mowing)) |
Grazing tolerance |
2 (between 1 and 3 (intolerant to sensitive to grazing)) |
Trampling tolerance |
2 (between 1 and 3 (intolerant to sensitive to trampling)) |
Foraging value |
4 (between 3 and 5 (little to intermediate forage value)) |
Foraging value for deer |
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|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
T10.3.1.1 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T10.3.1.2 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T10.3.1.3 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T10.5.4 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T3.4.2.2 (null) Alliance: Caricion ferrugineae
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T5.1 (null) Alliance: Thlaspietea rotundifolii
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T6.2.2.2.3 (null) Alliance: Bromion erecti
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T6.2.2.4 (null) Alliance: Koelerio-Corynephoretea p.p.
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T8.1.1 (null) Alliance: Geranion sanguini
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T8.2.2.2 (null) Alliance: Echio-Melilotion
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
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Class » |
English circumscription |
04.4 (Communities of heavy metal soils) Class: Violetea calaminariae
|
English circumscription |
05.3 (Fescue-brome communities of dry and semi-dry grasslands) Class: Festuco-Brometea
|
English circumscription |
05.4 (Commercially used grasslands) Class: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea
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English circumscription |
06.5 (Eusiberian ruderal mugwort and thistles communities, and couch-grasslands) Class: Artemisietea vulgaris
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English circumscription |
07.1 (Thermophilous and mesophilous forest grassland ecotones) Class: Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei
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