species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status) |
BiolFlor-Name |
family |
german name(s) |
Trifolium repens L. |
Fabaceae » |
Weiß-Klee
|
reference |
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »
|
|
Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998) |
Trifolium repens L. |
accepted |
Trifolium repens subsp. alpinum (Schur) Rothm. |
Synonym |
|
Chromosome number » |
Basic chromosome number |
8 |
Chromosome number 2n |
32 |
Chromosome number (Germany) |
True |
Most common chromosome race |
False |
Ploidy level |
4 (tetraploid) |
Ploidy type |
P (polyploid with haploid basic number) |
Reference |
Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart |
|
DNA content » |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
3.1 |
Chromosome number |
32 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
False |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
2.0 |
Chromosome number |
32 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
True |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
2.1 |
Chromosome number |
32 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
False |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Leitch, I.J. 1995: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Annals of Botany 76:113-176 |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
2.7 |
Chromosome number |
32 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
False |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Bhandol, P., Leitch, I.J. 2000: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms and their modern uses - 807 new estimates. Annals of Botany 86:859-909 |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
2.2 |
Chromosome number |
32 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
False |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Bhandol, P., Leitch, I.J. 2000: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms and their modern uses - 807 new estimates. Annals of Botany 86:859-909 |
DNA content (pg/2C) |
2.2 |
Chromosome number |
32 |
Quality |
chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b] |
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001 |
False |
Reference |
Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345 |
|
Life form » |
Life form |
H (Hemicryptophyte) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Life span » |
Life span |
p (pluriennial-pollakanthic) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Vegetative propagation » |
Vegetative propagation |
a (Runner) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Storage organs » |
Storage organs |
a (Runner) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Storage organs |
r (Primary storage root) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Shoot metamorphoses » |
Shoot metamorphoses |
a (Runner) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Root metamorphoses » |
Root metamorphoses |
r (Primary storage root) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
Rosettes » |
Rosettes |
h (Hemirosette plant) |
Qualifier |
always [1] |
special references:
|
Burdon, J.J. 1983: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Trifolium repens L.. Journal of Ecology 71:307-330
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Turkington, R., Burdon, J.J. 1983: The biology of Canadian weeds. 57. Trifolium repens L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 63:243-266
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Hilligardt, M., Weberling, F. 1989: Wuchsformen bei Trifolium. Flora 182:185-234
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Dong, M., During, H.J., Werger, M.J.A. 1996: Morphological response to nutrient availability in four clonal herbs. Vegetatio 123:183-192
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Tamm, C.O. 1948: Observations on reproduction of some perennial herbs. Botaniska Notiser 101:305-321
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Gluch, W. 1971: Wuchsformstudien an zentraleuropäischen Fabaceen. IV. Die Stauden der Gattungen Lathyrus L. und Vicia L.. Feddes Repertorium 81:539-575
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Kershaw, K.A. 1959: An investigation of a grassland community. II. The pattern of Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens. III. Discussion and conclusions. Journal of Ecology 47:31-53
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Golubev, V.N. 1957: Materialy k ekologo-morfologiceskoj i geneticeskoj charakteristikje zhizjennych form travjanistych rastenij. Botaniceskij Zhurnal 42:1055-1072
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Holm, T. 1925: On the development of buds upon roots and leaves. Annals of Botany 39:867-881
|
Irmisch, T. 1859: Über Lathyrus tuberosus und einige andere Papilionaceen. Bot. Ztg. 17:57-63
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Wittrock, V.B. 1884: Über Wurzelsprosse bei krautigen Gewächsen, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf ihre verschiedene biologische Bedeutung. Biol. Centralbl. 17:227-232
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Briemle, G., Schreiber, K.F. 1994: Zur Frage der Beeinflussung pflanzlicher Lebens- und Wuchsformen durch unterschiedliche Landschaftspflegemaßnahmen. Tuexenia 14:229-244
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Kästner, A., Karrer, G. 1995: Übersicht der Wuchsformentypen als Grundlage für deren Erfassung in der "Flora von Österreich". Florae Austriacae Novit. 3:1-51
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Wareing, P.F. 1964: The developmental physiology of rhizomatous and creeping plants. Seventh Brit. Weed Contr. Conf. 1:1020-1030
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Gluch, W. 1964: Wuchsformen und Wuchstypen einheimischer Fabaceen-Stauden.. Diss. Univ. Halle-Wittenberg
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Raunkiaer, C. 1934: The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford
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Bell, A.D. 1994: Illustrierte Morphologie der Blütenpflanzen. Ulmer, Stuttgart
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|
Flowering phenology » |
Begin of flowering (months) |
5 |
End of flowering (months) |
9 |
Duration of flowering (months) |
5 |
Number of flowering phases |
0 |
Symphenological Groups » |
Phenological group |
6 (Cornus sanguinea-Melica uniflora-Phase) Phenological season: start of early summer |
Reference |
Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560 |
|
Type of reproduction » |
Type of reproduction |
sv (by seed and vegetatively) |
Reference |
Turkington, R., Burdon, J.J. 1983: The biology of Canadian weeds. 57. Trifolium repens L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 63:243-266 |
Type of seed production » |
Type of seed production |
s (amphimictic, sexual) |
Reference |
Turkington, R., Burdon, J.J. 1983: The biology of Canadian weeds. 57. Trifolium repens L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 63:243-266 |
Dicliny » |
Dicliny |
so (hermaphroditic) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Dichogamy » |
Dichogamy |
h (homogamous) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility » |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
I+ (± self-incompatibel) |
Reference |
Turkington, R., Burdon, J.J. 1983: The biology of Canadian weeds. 57. Trifolium repens L.. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 63:243-266 |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility |
SI (self-incompatibel) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
SI mechanism » |
SI mechanism |
GSI (gametophytic self-incompatibility) |
Reference |
Burdon, J.J. 1983: Biological Flora of the British Isles: Trifolium repens L.. Journal of Ecology 71:307-330 |
Pollen vector » |
Pollen vector |
in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung) |
Abundance |
always [1] |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Systematic reference |
species [S] |
Breeding system » |
Breeding system |
X (allogamous) |
Reference |
Anmerkung 2002: xenogam, da SI |
P/O ratio » |
P/O ratio |
1648.0 |
Reference |
Rodriguez-Riano, T., Ortega-Olivencia, A., Devesa, J.A. 1999: Biologia floral en Fabaceae. Ruizia, Monografias des Real Jardin Botanico, Madrid 16:1-176 |
Floral rewards » |
Floral rewards |
1 (nectar) |
Reference |
Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig |
Amount of floral reward |
3 (present) |
Flower color » |
Flower colour |
white or pinkish |
Basic flower colour |
w (white) |
Reference |
Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin |
UV reflection of the flower » |
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower |
1 (0-7 %) |
UV reflection in the centre of the flower |
1 (0-7 %) |
UV reflection pattern |
0 (no UV reflectance patterns) |
Flower class after MUELLER » |
Flower class after MUELLER |
Hb (bee flowers ) Typical pollinators: bees |
Flower type after KUGLER » |
Flower type after KUGLER |
6.1a (flag blossom, Fabaceae type, valvular mechanism) |
|
Fruit type » |
Fruit type |
Hü (legume) |
Diaspore type » |
Diaspore type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Germinule type » |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
FZb (fruit with appendage) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
always [1] |
Development of additional appendages |
always [1] |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Germinule type |
S (seed) |
Information available |
True |
Development of nutritious appendages |
|
Development of flat appendages |
|
Development of elongated appendages |
|
Development of additional appendages |
|
Weights » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Weight (minimum) [mg] |
0.4 |
Weight (mean) [mg] |
0.6 |
Weight (maximum) [mg] |
0.8 |
Sizes » |
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
F (fruit) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
3.5 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
4.4 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
5.0 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
1.2 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.4 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.5 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
|
Height (mean) [mm] |
|
Height (maximum) [mm] |
|
Measured object |
Germinule |
Type of germinule or diaspore |
S (seed) |
Constraint |
False |
Heteromorphic type |
n (not heteromorphic) |
Length (minimum) [mm] |
0.8 |
Length (mean) [mm] |
1.2 |
Length (maximum) [mm] |
1.5 |
Width (minimum) [mm] |
0.6 |
Width (mean) [mm] |
1.0 |
Width (maximum) [mm] |
1.3 |
Height (minimum) [mm] |
0.4 |
Height (mean) [mm] |
0.7 |
Height (maximum) [mm] |
1.0 |
special references:
|
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
|
Zohary, M., Heller, D. 1984: The genus Trifolium. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem (Gattung)
|
Thompson, K., Band, S.R., Hodgson, J.G. 1993: Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil. Functional Ecology 7:236-241 (Gattung)
|
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
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Anderberg, A.L. 1994: Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions. - Part 4 (Resedaceae - Umbelliferae). Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Gattung)
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Bakker, J.P., Bakker, E.S., Rosén, E., Verweij, G.L., Bekker, R.M. 1996: Soil seed bank composition along a gradient from dry alvar grassland to Juniperus shrubland. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:165-176 (Gattung)
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Bakker, J.P., Bakker, E.S., Rosén, E., Verweij, G.L. 1997: The soil seed bank of undisturbed and disturbed dry limestone grassland on Öland (Sweden). Z. Ökologie Nat. sch. 6:9-18 (Gattung)
|
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
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Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
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Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
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Lhotska, M., Chrtkova, A. 1978: Karpologie a diasporologie ceskoslovensk'ych zastupc u celedi Fabaceae. Academia, Praha (Gattung)
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Luftensteiner, H.W. 1982: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitungssbiologie von Pflanzengemeinschaften an vier Standorten in Niederösterreich. Bibliotheca Botanica 135:1-68 (Gattung)
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McDonald, A.W., Bakker, J.P., Vegelin, K. 1996: Seed bank classification and ist importance for the restoration of species-rich flood-meadows. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:157-164 (Gattung)
|
Urbanska, K.M., Schütz, M. 1986: Reproduction by seed in alpine plants and revegetation research above timberline. Botanica Helvetica 96:43-60 (Gattung)
|
Heinisch, O. 1955: Samenatlas der wichtigsten Futterpflanzen und ihrer Unkräuter. Deutsche Akad. Landwirtsch.-Wiss., Berlin (Gattung)
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Grassland utilization indicator values » |
Occurrence |
GW (commercial grasslands) |
Guild |
Lk (herbaceous legume) |
Mowing tolerance |
8 (between 7 and 9 (well tolerant to very tolerant to mowing)) |
Grazing tolerance |
8 (between 7 and 9 (well tolerant to very tolerant to grazing)) |
Trampling tolerance |
8 (between 7 and 9 (well tolerant to very tolerant to trampling)) |
Foraging value |
9 (best forage value) |
Foraging value for deer |
6 (between 6 and 8 (intermediate to high forage value)) |
|
Habitat » |
Habitat |
T10.3.3.1 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T7.1.2 (null) Alliance: Arrhenatherion
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T7.2.1 (null) Alliance: Cynosurion cristati p.p.
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T7.4 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T9.1 (null) Alliance: Violenea arvensis
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T9.2 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
Habitat |
T9.5.1 (null) Alliance: ???
|
Occurrence questionable |
False |
Occurence restricted |
False |
Annotation |
|
|
Class » |
English circumscription |
05.4 (Commercially used grasslands) Class: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea
|
English circumscription |
05.5 (Communities of flooded and trampled grasslands) Class: Agrostietea stoloniferae
|
English circumscription |
06.3 (Communities of annual trampling resistent plants) Class: Polygono arenastri-Poetea annuae
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