BiolFlor search system

search and information system
on vascular plants in Germany

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Overview of all traits of a species

species information (Systematics, BiolFlor-Names, Status)
BiolFlor-Name	family	german name(s)
Solanum dulcamara L.	Solanaceae »	Bittersüßer Nachtschatten
reference
Kühn, I., Klotz, S. 2002: Systematik, Taxonomie und Nomenklatur. In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.): BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde. Bonn »

Synonymy (taxonomy after Wisskirchen & Haeupler, 1998)
Solanum dulcamara L.	accepted

group of traits: Status »

Floristic status »
Floristic status	I (indigenous)
Evolutionary origin »
Evolutionary origin	n (naturally)
Region of origin »
Region of origin	0 (not specified)
Endemism »
Endemism	0 (not specified)
Reference	unbekannt

group of traits: Chromosome number »

Chromosome number »
Basic chromosome number	12
Chromosome number 2n	24
Chromosome number (Germany)	True
Most common chromosome race	False
Ploidy level	2 (diploid)
Ploidy type	R (palaeopolyploid; polyploid basic number)
Reference	Oberdorfer, E. 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart

group of traits: DNA content »

DNA content »
DNA content (pg/2C)	2.3
Chromosome number	24
Quality	chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b]
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001	False
Reference	Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345
DNA content (pg/2C)	1.6
Chromosome number	24
Quality	chromosome number known and occurring in Germany [b]
Authorised in BENNET & LEITCH 2001	True
Reference	Bennett, M.D., Smith, J.S. 1991: Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 334:309-345

group of traits: Phylogeny »

Phylogeny code »
Phylogeny code	BBBBBBBBBABABBBBABBBBBBBA

group of traits: Morphology »

Life form »
Life form	S (Hemiphanerophyte)
Qualifier	always [1]
Life span »
Life span	p (pluriennial-pollakanthic)
Qualifier	always [1]
Vegetative propagation »
Vegetative propagation	ws (Root shoot)
Qualifier	always [1]
Root metamorphoses »
Root metamorphoses	ws (Root shoot)
Qualifier	always [1]
Rosettes »
Rosettes	r (Erosulate plant)
Qualifier	always [1]
Climbing »
Climbing	w (Trailing)
Qualifier	always [1]
special references:
Irmisch, T. 1857: Über die Keimung und Erneuerungsweise von Convolvulus sepium, C. arvensis, sowie über hypokotylische Adventivknospen bei krautigen phanerogamen Pflanzen. Bot. Ztg. 15:433-443
Beijerinck, M.W. 1887: Beobachtungen und Betrachtungen über Wurzelknospen und Nebenwurzeln. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. , Afd. Natuurk. , Tweede Sect. 25:1-146
Ebel, F., Mühlberg, H. 1987: Vergleichend-ökomorphologische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen-Taxa eines Trocken- und Feuchtbiotops. Hercynia N. F. 24:408-424
Rauh, W. 1937: Die Bildung von Hypokotyl- und Wurzelsprossen und ihre Bedeutung für die Wuchsformen der Pflanzen. Nova Acta Leopold. N. F. 4:395-553
Kästner, A., Karrer, G. 1995: Übersicht der Wuchsformentypen als Grundlage für deren Erfassung in der "Flora von Österreich". Florae Austriacae Novit. 3:1-51
Rauh, W. 1938: Über die Verzweigung ausläuferbildender Sträucher mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Beziehung zu den Stauden. Hercynia 1:187-231

group of traits: Leaf traits »

Leaf persistence »
Leaf persistence	s (summer green)
Leaf anatomy »
Leaf anatomy	m (mesomorphic)
Leaf form »
Leaf form	norm (simple)

group of traits: Flowering phenology »

Flowering phenology »
Begin of flowering (months)	6
End of flowering (months)	8
Duration of flowering (months)	3
Number of flowering phases	0
Symphenological Groups »
Phenological group	6 (Cornus sanguinea-Melica uniflora-Phase) Phenological season: start of early summer
Reference	Dierschke, H 1995: Phänologische und symphänologische Artengruppen von Blütenpflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Tuexenia 15: 523-560

group of traits: Floral and reproductive biology »

Type of reproduction »
Type of reproduction	sv (by seed and vegetatively)
Reference	Krumbiegel, A. 2002: Morphologie der vegetativen Organe (außer Blätter). In: Klotz, S., Kühn, I., Durka, W. (Hrsg.) BiolFlor - Biologisch-ökologische Daten zur Flora Deutschlands, S. 1-2, Bonn
Type of seed production »
Type of seed production	s (amphimictic, sexual)
Reference	Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Dicliny »
Dicliny	so (hermaphroditic)
Abundance	always [1]
Reference	Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Dichogamy »
Dichogamy	h (homogamous)
Reference	Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility »
Self-sterility and self-incompatibility	SC (self-compatibel)
Reference	East, E.M. 1940: The distribution of self-sterility in the flowering plants. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 82:449-518
Systematic reference	genus [G]
Pollen vector »
Pollen vector	in (insects) Pollen vector group: zo (Tierbestäubung)
Abundance	the rule [2]
Reference	Knuth, P. 1898: Handbuch der Blütenbiologie. Leipzig
Systematic reference	species [S]
Breeding system »
Breeding system	AFXF (mixed mating)
Reference	Anmerkung 2002: vgl. Klassifizierungsschema Abb.
Floral rewards »
Floral rewards	1 (nectar)
Reference	Proctor, M.C.F., Yeo, P., Lack, A. 1996: The natural history of pollination. HarperCollins Publishers, London
Amount of floral reward	1 (none)
Floral rewards	2 (pollen)
Reference	Proctor, M.C.F., Yeo, P., Lack, A. 1996: The natural history of pollination. HarperCollins Publishers, London
Amount of floral reward	4 (plenty)
Flower color »
Flower colour	violet, bottom green speckled
Basic flower colour	vi (violet)
Reference	Schubert, R., Jäger, E.J., Werner, K. (Hrsg.) 1987: Exkursionsflora Band 3. Atlas der Gefäßpflanzen. 6. Aufl., Volk und Wissen, Berlin
UV reflection of the flower »
UV reflection in the periphery of the flower	2 (8-15 %)
UV reflection in the centre of the flower	2 (8-15 %)
UV reflection pattern	0 (no UV reflectance patterns)
Flower class after MUELLER »
Flower class after MUELLER	Po (pollen flowers) Typical pollinators: short tongued bees, syrphids, flies, beetles
Flower type after KUGLER »
Flower type after KUGLER	1.1 (pollen flower)

group of traits: Seed traits »

Fruit type »
Fruit type	Be (berry)
Diaspore type »
Diaspore type	F (fruit)
Germinule type »
Heteromorphic type	n (not heteromorphic)
Germinule type	S (seed)
Information available	True
Development of nutritious appendages
Development of flat appendages
Development of elongated appendages
Development of additional appendages
Weights »
Measured object	Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore	S (seed)
Constraint	False
Heteromorphic type	n (not heteromorphic)
Weight (minimum) [mg]	1.5
Weight (mean) [mg]	1.6
Weight (maximum) [mg]	1.7
Sizes »
Measured object	Diaspore
Type of germinule or diaspore	F (fruit)
Constraint	False
Heteromorphic type	n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm]
Length (mean) [mm]	10.0
Length (maximum) [mm]
Width (minimum) [mm]
Width (mean) [mm]	10.0
Width (maximum) [mm]
Height (minimum) [mm]
Height (mean) [mm]
Height (maximum) [mm]
Measured object	Germinule
Type of germinule or diaspore	S (seed)
Constraint	False
Heteromorphic type	n (not heteromorphic)
Length (minimum) [mm]	2.0
Length (mean) [mm]	2.1
Length (maximum) [mm]	2.5
Width (minimum) [mm]	1.9
Width (mean) [mm]	2.1
Width (maximum) [mm]	2.5
Height (minimum) [mm]	0.3
Height (mean) [mm]	0.4
Height (maximum) [mm]	0.5
special references:
Grime, J.P., Mason, G., Curtis, A.V., Rodman, J., Band, S.R., Mowforth, M.A., Neal, A.M., Shaw, S. 1981: A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 69:1017-1069 (Gattung)
Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., Hunt, R. 1988: Comparative Plant Ecology. Unwin Hyman, London (Gattung)
Briemle, G. 1996: Farbatlas Kräuter und Gräser. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Gattung)
Beijerink, W. 1947: Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Biol. Stat. Wijster, Wageningen (Gattung)
Brouwer, W., Stählin, A. 1955: Handbuch der Samenkunde. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt/Main (Gattung)
Cremer, J., Partzsch, M., Zimmermann, M., Schwär, C., Goltz, H. 1991: Acker- und Gartenwildkräuter: ein Bestimmungsbuch. . Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin. (Gattung)
Hanf, M. 1984: Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen. . BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Wien, Zürich. (Gattung)
Wojciechowska, B. 1972: Systematic studies on the seeds of the Solanaceae Pers. family. Monographiae Botanicae 36:117-178 (Gattung)

group of traits: Ecological strategy »

Strategy type »
Strategy type	c (competitors)

group of traits: Indicator values for grassland species »

Grassland utilization indicator values »
Occurrence	W (forest edges and related ecotones)
Guild	K (forb)
Mowing tolerance	2 (between 1 and 3 (intolerant to sensitive to mowing))
Grazing tolerance	8 (between 7 and 9 (well tolerant to very tolerant to grazing))
Trampling tolerance	2 (between 1 and 3 (intolerant to sensitive to trampling))
Foraging value	1 (poisonous for livestock (and humans))
Foraging value for deer

group of traits: Range »

Floristic zone and altitudinal level »
Floristic zone	m (meridional)
Altitudinal level
Status	natural range
Floristic zone	e (submeridional)
Altitudinal level
Status	natural range
Floristic zone	p (southern temperate)
Altitudinal level
Status	natural range
Floristic zone	n (northern temperate)
Altitudinal level
Status	natural range
Floristic zone	b (boreal)
Altitudinal level
Status	natural range
Number of inhabited floristic zones »
Number of inhabited floristic zones	4
Floristic region »
Floristic region	a (Asia) Continent of floristic region: a (Asien)
Status	natural range
Floristic region	e (Europe) Continent of floristic region: e (Europa)
Status	natural range

group of traits: Hemeroby »

Hemeroby »
Hemeroby	o (oligohemerobic)
Hemeroby	m (mesohemerobic)
Hemeroby	b (b-euhemerobic)
Hemeroby	c (a-euhemerobic)
Hemeroby	p (polyhemerobic)
Number of hemerobic levels »
Number of hemerobic levels	5

group of traits: Urbanity »

Urbanity »
Urbanity	3 (urbanoneutral)

group of traits: Habitats »

Habitat »
Habitat	H3.1.1 (null) Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation	gestört
Habitat	H3.1.2 (null) Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation	gestört
Habitat	H3.1.3 (null) Alliance: Phragmition p.p.
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation	gestört
Habitat	H3.2.1 (null) Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation	gestört
Habitat	H3.2.2 (null) Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation	gestört
Habitat	H3.2.3 (null) Alliance: Phragmition p.p.
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation	gestört
Habitat	L3.1.5 (null) Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation	gestört
Habitat	L3.2.5 (null) Alliance: ???
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation	gestört
Habitat	L3.9.5 (null) Alliance: Phragmition australis
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation
Habitat	L5.2.4 (null) Alliance: Bidentetea tripartiti
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation
Habitat	L5.2.5 (null) Alliance: Convolvulion sepium
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation
Habitat	S3.2.5 (null) Alliance: Alnion glutinosae
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation
Habitat	T2.2 (null) Alliance: Epilobietea angustifolii
Occurrence questionable	False
Occurence restricted	False
Annotation

group of traits: Sociology »

Class »
English circumscription	01.6 (Communities of reeds and tall sedges) Class: Phragmito-Magnocaricetea
English circumscription	07.5 (Nitrophilous tall herb communities) Class: Galio-Urticetea dioicae
English circumscription	09.3 (Willow marsh shrublands) Class: Carici-Salicetea cinereae
English circumscription	09.4 (Willow communities of river banks and floodplains) Class: Salicetea purpureae
English circumscription	10.1 (Alder marsh woodlands) Class: Alnetea glutinosae